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prnt 50 antibody titers  (Gilead Sciences)
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Characterization of the specimens and neutralizing antibody responses. (A) Of the enrolled COVID-19 patients, 55.67% were men, with a mean age of 57 (range, 22–92) years, and 44.33% were women, with a mean age of 62.6 (range, 20–93) years. (B) COVID-19 patients (n = 97) were subdivided into four groups according to disease severity: asymptomatic cases (n = 24), mild-to-moderate illness (n = 36), severe illness (n = 14), and critical/fatal cases (n = 23). They were analyzed for age and sex by the Kruskal–Wallis test. (C) Distribution of age according to disease severity. (D) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on sex. (E) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on age. For each parameter, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. (F) Neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT 50 ) plotted after symptom onset up to the 1 year of follow-up; negative controls, healthy blood donors (n = 35). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit of 1:10. The red line in the plot denotes the median. (G) Relative proportions of cases with undetectable and detectable neutralizing antibodies after symptom onset. Approximately 58%, 87%, 98%, 88%, and 78% COVID-19 patients tested positive for neutralizing antibodies at 0–7, 8–14, 15–42, 43–240, and 241–430 days after symptom onset, respectively. (H) Levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) in the four groups after symptom onset (I) as well as in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05.
Prnt 50 Antibody Titers, supplied by Gilead Sciences, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Characterization of the specimens and neutralizing antibody responses. (A) Of the enrolled COVID-19 patients, 55.67% were men, with a mean age of 57 (range, 22–92) years, and 44.33% were women, with a mean age of 62.6 (range, 20–93) years. (B) COVID-19 patients (n = 97) were subdivided into four groups according to disease severity: asymptomatic cases (n = 24), mild-to-moderate illness (n = 36), severe illness (n = 14), and critical/fatal cases (n = 23). They were analyzed for age and sex by the Kruskal–Wallis test. (C) Distribution of age according to disease severity. (D) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on sex. (E) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on age. For each parameter, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. (F) Neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT 50 ) plotted after symptom onset up to the 1 year of follow-up; negative controls, healthy blood donors (n = 35). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit of 1:10. The red line in the plot denotes the median. (G) Relative proportions of cases with undetectable and detectable neutralizing antibodies after symptom onset. Approximately 58%, 87%, 98%, 88%, and 78% COVID-19 patients tested positive for neutralizing antibodies at 0–7, 8–14, 15–42, 43–240, and 241–430 days after symptom onset, respectively. (H) Levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) in the four groups after symptom onset (I) as well as in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05.
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prnt 50 (50% plaque reduction neutralization test) assays  (BIOQUAL Inc)
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Characterization of the specimens and neutralizing antibody responses. (A) Of the enrolled COVID-19 patients, 55.67% were men, with a mean age of 57 (range, 22–92) years, and 44.33% were women, with a mean age of 62.6 (range, 20–93) years. (B) COVID-19 patients (n = 97) were subdivided into four groups according to disease severity: asymptomatic cases (n = 24), mild-to-moderate illness (n = 36), severe illness (n = 14), and critical/fatal cases (n = 23). They were analyzed for age and sex by the Kruskal–Wallis test. (C) Distribution of age according to disease severity. (D) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on sex. (E) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on age. For each parameter, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. (F) Neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT 50 ) plotted after symptom onset up to the 1 year of follow-up; negative controls, healthy blood donors (n = 35). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit of 1:10. The red line in the plot denotes the median. (G) Relative proportions of cases with undetectable and detectable neutralizing antibodies after symptom onset. Approximately 58%, 87%, 98%, 88%, and 78% COVID-19 patients tested positive for neutralizing antibodies at 0–7, 8–14, 15–42, 43–240, and 241–430 days after symptom onset, respectively. (H) Levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) in the four groups after symptom onset (I) as well as in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05.
Prnt 50 (50% Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test) Assays, supplied by BIOQUAL Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Characterization of the specimens and neutralizing antibody responses. (A) Of the enrolled COVID-19 patients, 55.67% were men, with a mean age of 57 (range, 22–92) years, and 44.33% were women, with a mean age of 62.6 (range, 20–93) years. (B) COVID-19 patients (n = 97) were subdivided into four groups according to disease severity: asymptomatic cases (n = 24), mild-to-moderate illness (n = 36), severe illness (n = 14), and critical/fatal cases (n = 23). They were analyzed for age and sex by the Kruskal–Wallis test. (C) Distribution of age according to disease severity. (D) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on sex. (E) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on age. For each parameter, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. (F) Neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT 50 ) plotted after symptom onset up to the 1 year of follow-up; negative controls, healthy blood donors (n = 35). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit of 1:10. The red line in the plot denotes the median. (G) Relative proportions of cases with undetectable and detectable neutralizing antibodies after symptom onset. Approximately 58%, 87%, 98%, 88%, and 78% COVID-19 patients tested positive for neutralizing antibodies at 0–7, 8–14, 15–42, 43–240, and 241–430 days after symptom onset, respectively. (H) Levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) in the four groups after symptom onset (I) as well as in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05.
Prnt 50 Values, supplied by GraphPad Software Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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50% prnt titer  (Staples)
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Characterization of the specimens and neutralizing antibody responses. (A) Of the enrolled COVID-19 patients, 55.67% were men, with a mean age of 57 (range, 22–92) years, and 44.33% were women, with a mean age of 62.6 (range, 20–93) years. (B) COVID-19 patients (n = 97) were subdivided into four groups according to disease severity: asymptomatic cases (n = 24), mild-to-moderate illness (n = 36), severe illness (n = 14), and critical/fatal cases (n = 23). They were analyzed for age and sex by the Kruskal–Wallis test. (C) Distribution of age according to disease severity. (D) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on sex. (E) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on age. For each parameter, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. (F) Neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT 50 ) plotted after symptom onset up to the 1 year of follow-up; negative controls, healthy blood donors (n = 35). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit of 1:10. The red line in the plot denotes the median. (G) Relative proportions of cases with undetectable and detectable neutralizing antibodies after symptom onset. Approximately 58%, 87%, 98%, 88%, and 78% COVID-19 patients tested positive for neutralizing antibodies at 0–7, 8–14, 15–42, 43–240, and 241–430 days after symptom onset, respectively. (H) Levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) in the four groups after symptom onset (I) as well as in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05.
50% Prnt Titer, supplied by Staples, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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50% prnt titers  (Staples)
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Characterization of the specimens and neutralizing antibody responses. (A) Of the enrolled COVID-19 patients, 55.67% were men, with a mean age of 57 (range, 22–92) years, and 44.33% were women, with a mean age of 62.6 (range, 20–93) years. (B) COVID-19 patients (n = 97) were subdivided into four groups according to disease severity: asymptomatic cases (n = 24), mild-to-moderate illness (n = 36), severe illness (n = 14), and critical/fatal cases (n = 23). They were analyzed for age and sex by the Kruskal–Wallis test. (C) Distribution of age according to disease severity. (D) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on sex. (E) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on age. For each parameter, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. (F) Neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT 50 ) plotted after symptom onset up to the 1 year of follow-up; negative controls, healthy blood donors (n = 35). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit of 1:10. The red line in the plot denotes the median. (G) Relative proportions of cases with undetectable and detectable neutralizing antibodies after symptom onset. Approximately 58%, 87%, 98%, 88%, and 78% COVID-19 patients tested positive for neutralizing antibodies at 0–7, 8–14, 15–42, 43–240, and 241–430 days after symptom onset, respectively. (H) Levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) in the four groups after symptom onset (I) as well as in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05.
50% Prnt Titers, supplied by Staples, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Characterization of the specimens and neutralizing antibody responses. (A) Of the enrolled COVID-19 patients, 55.67% were men, with a mean age of 57 (range, 22–92) years, and 44.33% were women, with a mean age of 62.6 (range, 20–93) years. (B) COVID-19 patients (n = 97) were subdivided into four groups according to disease severity: asymptomatic cases (n = 24), mild-to-moderate illness (n = 36), severe illness (n = 14), and critical/fatal cases (n = 23). They were analyzed for age and sex by the Kruskal–Wallis test. (C) Distribution of age according to disease severity. (D) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on sex. (E) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on age. For each parameter, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. (F) Neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT 50 ) plotted after symptom onset up to the 1 year of follow-up; negative controls, healthy blood donors (n = 35). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit of 1:10. The red line in the plot denotes the median. (G) Relative proportions of cases with undetectable and detectable neutralizing antibodies after symptom onset. Approximately 58%, 87%, 98%, 88%, and 78% COVID-19 patients tested positive for neutralizing antibodies at 0–7, 8–14, 15–42, 43–240, and 241–430 days after symptom onset, respectively. (H) Levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) in the four groups after symptom onset (I) as well as in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05.

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Evaluation of humoral immune response in relation to COVID-19 severity over 1 year post-infection: critical cases higher humoral immune response than mild cases

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203803

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of the specimens and neutralizing antibody responses. (A) Of the enrolled COVID-19 patients, 55.67% were men, with a mean age of 57 (range, 22–92) years, and 44.33% were women, with a mean age of 62.6 (range, 20–93) years. (B) COVID-19 patients (n = 97) were subdivided into four groups according to disease severity: asymptomatic cases (n = 24), mild-to-moderate illness (n = 36), severe illness (n = 14), and critical/fatal cases (n = 23). They were analyzed for age and sex by the Kruskal–Wallis test. (C) Distribution of age according to disease severity. (D) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on sex. (E) Neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) after symptom onset depending on age. For each parameter, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. (F) Neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT 50 ) plotted after symptom onset up to the 1 year of follow-up; negative controls, healthy blood donors (n = 35). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit of 1:10. The red line in the plot denotes the median. (G) Relative proportions of cases with undetectable and detectable neutralizing antibodies after symptom onset. Approximately 58%, 87%, 98%, 88%, and 78% COVID-19 patients tested positive for neutralizing antibodies at 0–7, 8–14, 15–42, 43–240, and 241–430 days after symptom onset, respectively. (H) Levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) in the four groups after symptom onset (I) as well as in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The neutralizing antibody response depending on antiviral drug treatment at different time points after symptom onset was as follow: the PRNT 50 antibody titers in patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir or remdesivir were significantly higher than those in patients with non-antiviral treatment 15–42 days after symptom onset ( p < 0.001; ).

Techniques: MANN-WHITNEY

Antibody levels and clinical factors. (A) Neutralizing antibody (PRNT 50 ) levels plotted against IFA IgG antibody levels at 15–42 days after symptoms onset. R = 0.6668, p < 0.0001. (B) Neutralizing antibody (PRNT 50 ) levels plotted against the anti-S1 IgG antibody levels based on an ELISA at 15–42 days after symptom onset; r = 0.761, p < 0.0001. (C) IFA IgG antibody levels plotted against anti-S1 IgG antibody levels at 15–42 days after symptom onset; r = 0.7148, p < 0.0001. Spearman’s test and linear regression analysis (black line with 95% confidence interval) were performed. (D) The IFA IgG antibody titer at 15–42 days after symptom onset. (E) Anti-S1 IgG antibody levels based on an ELISA. (F) Neutralizing antibody titer (PRNT 50 ). Nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: *** p < 0.001, and ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. (G–M) Clinical factors plotted against levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) at 15–42 days after symptom onset. (G) Fever duration; r = 0.3289, p = 0.0017. (H) Age; r = 0.2293, p = 0.0288. (I) X-ray score at the time of hospitalization; r = 0.6166, p < 0.0001. (J) CRP (mg/dL) within 1 week after symptom onset; r = 0.7205, p < 0.0001. (K) Lymphocyte count within 1 week after symptom onset; r = −0.4509, p = 0.0006. (L) Viral clearance period in days; r = 0.1415, p = 0.2462. (M) Maximum viral load in respiratory secretions in the initial infection phase; r = 0.048, p = 0.6625. Spearman’s test and linear regression analysis (black line with 95% confidence interval) were performed.

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Evaluation of humoral immune response in relation to COVID-19 severity over 1 year post-infection: critical cases higher humoral immune response than mild cases

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203803

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibody levels and clinical factors. (A) Neutralizing antibody (PRNT 50 ) levels plotted against IFA IgG antibody levels at 15–42 days after symptoms onset. R = 0.6668, p < 0.0001. (B) Neutralizing antibody (PRNT 50 ) levels plotted against the anti-S1 IgG antibody levels based on an ELISA at 15–42 days after symptom onset; r = 0.761, p < 0.0001. (C) IFA IgG antibody levels plotted against anti-S1 IgG antibody levels at 15–42 days after symptom onset; r = 0.7148, p < 0.0001. Spearman’s test and linear regression analysis (black line with 95% confidence interval) were performed. (D) The IFA IgG antibody titer at 15–42 days after symptom onset. (E) Anti-S1 IgG antibody levels based on an ELISA. (F) Neutralizing antibody titer (PRNT 50 ). Nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: *** p < 0.001, and ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. (G–M) Clinical factors plotted against levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT 50 ) at 15–42 days after symptom onset. (G) Fever duration; r = 0.3289, p = 0.0017. (H) Age; r = 0.2293, p = 0.0288. (I) X-ray score at the time of hospitalization; r = 0.6166, p < 0.0001. (J) CRP (mg/dL) within 1 week after symptom onset; r = 0.7205, p < 0.0001. (K) Lymphocyte count within 1 week after symptom onset; r = −0.4509, p = 0.0006. (L) Viral clearance period in days; r = 0.1415, p = 0.2462. (M) Maximum viral load in respiratory secretions in the initial infection phase; r = 0.048, p = 0.6625. Spearman’s test and linear regression analysis (black line with 95% confidence interval) were performed.

Article Snippet: The neutralizing antibody response depending on antiviral drug treatment at different time points after symptom onset was as follow: the PRNT 50 antibody titers in patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir or remdesivir were significantly higher than those in patients with non-antiviral treatment 15–42 days after symptom onset ( p < 0.001; ).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Infection

Seroconversion in terms of PRNT 50 , IFA IgG antibodies, and the anti-S1 IgG antibody and the neutralization potency index. (A) Neutralizing antibody kinetics during 1-year follow-up in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients as plotted by connecting the line that represents the daily levels of each titer. Mann–Whitney U test was performed ( p = 0.0006). (B) Median number of days to seroconversion in terms of neutralizing antibodies within 30 days after symptom onset in asymptomatic or symptomatic patients as analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method ( p = 0.002). (C) IFA IgG ( p = 0.004). (D) Anti-S1 IgG ( p = 0.0004). (E, F) IFA IgG neutralization potency index (PRNT 50 /IFA IgG) calculated for asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. (E) Overall period (F) at peak antibody responses. The Mann–Whitney U test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05. (G, H) IFA IgG neutralization potency index (PRNT 50 /IFA IgG) in the four groups of disease severity. (G) One-year overall follow-up. (H) At peak antibody responses. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05.

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Evaluation of humoral immune response in relation to COVID-19 severity over 1 year post-infection: critical cases higher humoral immune response than mild cases

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203803

Figure Lengend Snippet: Seroconversion in terms of PRNT 50 , IFA IgG antibodies, and the anti-S1 IgG antibody and the neutralization potency index. (A) Neutralizing antibody kinetics during 1-year follow-up in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients as plotted by connecting the line that represents the daily levels of each titer. Mann–Whitney U test was performed ( p = 0.0006). (B) Median number of days to seroconversion in terms of neutralizing antibodies within 30 days after symptom onset in asymptomatic or symptomatic patients as analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method ( p = 0.002). (C) IFA IgG ( p = 0.004). (D) Anti-S1 IgG ( p = 0.0004). (E, F) IFA IgG neutralization potency index (PRNT 50 /IFA IgG) calculated for asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. (E) Overall period (F) at peak antibody responses. The Mann–Whitney U test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05. (G, H) IFA IgG neutralization potency index (PRNT 50 /IFA IgG) in the four groups of disease severity. (G) One-year overall follow-up. (H) At peak antibody responses. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed; statistical significance is indicated as follows: ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The neutralizing antibody response depending on antiviral drug treatment at different time points after symptom onset was as follow: the PRNT 50 antibody titers in patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir or remdesivir were significantly higher than those in patients with non-antiviral treatment 15–42 days after symptom onset ( p < 0.001; ).

Techniques: Neutralization, MANN-WHITNEY